For more than two decades, colleges and universities have been required to publicly share details of campus crimes and report murders, rapes, robberies, arson and other serious offenses to the federal government.

That requirement was apparently unheeded by former Penn State President Graham Spanier, other top officials and the larger ranks of university employees responsible for student safety, the recently released investigation into the Jerry Sandusky sex-abuse scandal concluded. The report by former FBI director Louis Freeh found that, outside the campus police department in State College, “awareness and interest” in the federal law known as the Clery Act was “significantly lacking.”

The 1990 law is named for Jeanne Clery, a Lehigh University freshman who was raped and murdered four years earlier by a fellow student at a campus that’s about a three-hour drive from Penn State.

National campus safety experts say such problems spread far beyond Penn State, even as the U.S. Department of Education has stepped up enforcement in recent years and teamed up with the FBI on some inquiries.

“This is a much broader concern,” said S. Daniel Carter, director of a campus safety project at a charitable foundation formed by the families of the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting victims. “Penn State is a microcosm of the entire field of higher education.”

Though not mentioned by name, Carter is referenced several times in the 267-page Freeh report. In 2007, he helped coordinate the training of several Penn State police officers on the Clery Act while working for the advocacy group Security On Campus, which was formed by Jeanne Clery’s parents. He assisted federal education officials in developing a Clery Act handbook starting in 2003. And that same year, he notified Penn State that it had mistakenly reported that there were no sexual assaults on campus when the same federal report noted elsewhere that 11 such incidents had occurred in residence halls.

“They were resistant at first,” Carter said. “But they came back and acknowledged they made an error.”

A spokesman for the Office of Federal Student Aid said Friday that the education department has reviewed Clery Act compliance at 78 schools since 2007, with 34 of those reviews complete. That compares with an average of just two completed Clery Act reviews over the previous 10 years, according to online records.

Ten schools have been fined a total of $1.4 million for Clery Act violations since 2007, spokesman Chris Greene said.

The offenders include Eastern Michigan University, which paid $350,000 for 13 violations in 2008, including a failure to warn students after the 2006 murder of a student, which the school denied for months. In June, the department levied a $110,000 fine against Tarleton State University, a part of the Texas A&M University system, for three unreported sex offenses among more than 70 campus crimes not publicly disclosed.

But Virginia Tech, fined $55,000 for its decision to delay campus warnings of a gunman who would kill 33 people in April 2007, saw its $55,000 fine overturned by an administrative law judge in March. And a federal judge reduced an $82,500 Clery Act fine against Washington State University to $15,000.

The Department of Education has been investigating Penn State since November, when the scope of Sandusky’s misconduct emerged.

“Our investigation covers not just the Sandusky allegations but all potential sexual offense issues at Penn State,” Department of Education spokesman Justin Hamilton said.

The Freeh report documents several unsuccessful attempts by Penn State campus police to persuade university leaders to boost their Clery Act efforts.

From 1991 to 2007, the university relied on an untrained crime-prevention officer to oversee the program. When the officer told a supervisor he needed help or “we could get hurt really bad here,” he was told there was no money for such support.

The university created an online reporting system for Clery Act crimes that same year.

By 2011, just one report had been submitted. Broader campus training sessions and outreach efforts drew little participation, and the school’s Clery Act policy remained in draft form in November – even as Spanier boasted to Freeh’s investigators that Penn State was “big on compliance, more than other universities.” The school has since hired a Clery Act compliance coordinator.